Reconstructing gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reconstructing gender - Essay Example The concept of sexual schizophrenia has neutralized the demeaning male attitude towards women due to the female gender’s engagement in sports. Women are currently not viewed as objects of sexuality since they have gripped a stable position in the modern society by playing equal roles as their male counterparts. As a result, women are not only viewed as cheerleaders in sports but actual players in every sporting competition (Disch, 2008). Women tend to have different reactions towards the alleged male attitude towards sexuality. Most women in the youth age consider the male attitude towards them as an appraisal while those in the mature age find it diminishing. As a woman, Sabo’s description of male sexuality is true since women are viewed as stereotypes of the physical concept of sexuality. Pornography is the overt presentation of sexual acts in films as well as printed material. Robert Jensen provides his life experience with pornography which explains how the porn industry reinforces and upholds the patriarchy. According to Jensen, women exist to provide their male counterparts with sexual excitement. This portrays that women are only used as sexual objects to promote arousing feeling in pornographic materials (Disch, 2008). Robert Jensen argues that in most pornographic films upholds and reinforces the Patriarchy by the introduction of anal sex. In his argument, he explains the concept behind this act being men’s, revenge to women’s bitchy characters. This shows that the female role is overpowered by the male position in the society thus portraying patriarchy. The introduction of multiple sexual partners also displays a sense of patriarchy as in most pornographic films; a man is given more than one woman to relate with sexually. This encourages polygamy in which is based on the male dominance according to the African society. Patriarchy promotes gender imbalance in the current

Psy240 Final Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Psy240 Final Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay You are interviewing for a psychologist position with a top company. After your face-to-face interview with the team, they have provided you with two additional assignments—Part A and Part B below, which will complete the interview process: * Part A: A psychologist understands how biology can affect psychological activities and disorders. In your interview, you are asked about your understanding of the causes and treatment(s) of schizophrenia. In your reply, discuss the following: * Areas of the brain affected * Causal factors * Associated symptoms * The neural basis * Appropriate drug therapies * Part B: Part B of the interview consists of interpreting some case studies from a biopsychologist’s perspective. You are given four different case studies of disorders and have the option of choosing two out of the four case studies to analyze. * Write a 1,750- to 2,100-word paper in APA format containing the following: * Introduction * Part A of the interview process. * Part B of the interview process: * Choose two of the four case studies presented in Appendix A. * Discuss your understanding of the problem presented in each of the two case studies from the perspective of a biopsychologist. * Include each problem’s relation to the nature-nurture issue and any relevant portions of the Basics to Biopsychology text. * Use a minimum of five outside resources, including at least 3 peer-reviewed articles. * Apply any helpful drug interventions or solutions. * Discuss the positive or negative aspects of these drug interventions or solutions and * Conclusion

Berendts Attitude in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil :: Midnight Garden Good Evil

Berendt's Attitude in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil "The biggest challenge . . . is finding characters worth writing about, " says John Berendt, author of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. "I found a mother lode in Savannah" (Anderson 18). Berendt conveys certain attitudes towards different characters and events. He takes the same explorative and open approach to each person and situation, but his final attitudes towards them are quite varied. He behaves very differently around Jim Williams than around Joe Odom and his crew, and differently from all of them when around Lee Adler. His reactions to the news of Williams's arrest and trials vary greatly from his reaction to the Lady Chablis' singular exit from "her" job. Berendt is more reserved and plays the part of the confidant when he is in the company of Williams. From their first meeting, Williams seems ready to open up to Berendt, and the reader gets the feeling that Berendt welcomes the role. He portrays Williams as an arrogant but decent enough type who is somewhat lonely and in need of a feeling of power. Williams's affinity for Nazi relics and weapons is one sign of his power fetish, as is his superior view of himself. Berendt takes all of this in stride and uses it to set up the foundation for Williamsà ­ actions during the trials later in the book. During their meeting, Williams tells him many stories about Savannah and the people who live there. Berendt's reaction to Joe Odom and his followers and friends is more relaxed. Joe gives Berendt the three basic rules of Savannah, which include "Always stick around for one more drink" and "Never go south of Gaston Street" (Berendt 49). These rules demonstrate the exclusiveness of Savannah and its willingness to let loose and have some fun with life. The third rule also shows one of the traditions of Savannah: "Observe the high holidays - Saint Patrick's Day and the day of the Georgia-Florida football game" (49). Nearly everyone in Savannah gets involved in both these holidays, adding their own twists to both. For Saint Patrick's Day, the drinking begins at 6 a.m. The women in South Georgia don't start wearing panty hose till after the big game. While Berendt doesn't let Joe's advice stop him from exploring south of Gaston Street, he welcomes the guidance all the same.

Argumentative Paper †Abortion Essay

Abortion is a huge problem throughout the United States. It needs to be stopped. Abortion can be defined as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Abortion is not justified for three reasons. One, having an abortion is taking away an innocent life. Two, there are not many reasons that make it okay to kill an unborn baby. Three, every child needs to be given a chance to live, because every child is wanted. To begin with, having an abortion is taking away an innocent life. It’s not the baby’s fault that it was brought into the world, and it should not be punished for that. Every month, more lives are aborted than the total amount of lives taken in the Vietnam War. Statistics show that 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 babies are aborted annually. The bible tells us that God hates hands that shed innocent blood. God views the unborn as human and precious. He says, in Jeremiah 1:5 of the bible,† Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee, and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations.† (Wilson) Next, there are not many reasons that make it okay to abort a child. People may give the following reasons that they think make it ok to have an abortion: rape, deformed children, or that the mother can’t afford a child. In the case of rape, abortion is an act of violence that kills a living human being. The circumstances surrounding the conception do not change this simple reality. In the case of deformed children, there are children of all ages, and adults too, who are alive today, and are living with diseases and disabilities. These physical limitations do not make them any less human. If the mother can’t afford the child, there is a solution. There are many crisis pregnancy care centers that offer financial assistance to pregnant women, and then afterwards they will place them up for adoption if necessary. (â€Å"Poverty, rape, disability†) Finally, every child needs to be given a chance to live his/her life, because every child is a wanted child. Whether the parent wants the child, there are still many people in the world who would love to adopt a child. The National Council for Adoption states that there are â€Å"between one and two million infertile and fertile couples and individuals who would like to adopt children.† There are also a large number of couples whose hearts are ready to adopt terminally ill babies, including babies with AIDS. Adoption is a responsible, helpful solution to abortion. Although the mother still has to carry the baby for the duration of her pregnancy, she is also able to give the baby a chance to live his/her life. No child should be given up because every child is a wanted child. (Gans) In conclusion, adoption is a huge problem in the United States. It is not justified for many reasons. Having an abortion is taking away an innocent life. There are not many reasons that make it okay to have an abortion. Every child in this world is a wanted child. Whether the parent of the child wants the child there is another option other than abortion. Adoption is a great option that saves a child’s life. Works Cited Wilson, Gregg. â€Å"ABORTION AMERICA’S #1 KILLER.† http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/Evils%20in%20America/Abortion%20is%20Murder/abortion_americas_killer.html. Web. 19. Nov.2012. â€Å"Poverty, rape, disability or â€Å"unwantedness† do not morally justify abortion.† http://www.abort73.com/abortion/common_objections/. 2005-2012.Web. 19. Nov. 2012. Gans, Olivia. â€Å"Every child a wanted child and other social arguments.† http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/facts/responseargument3.html.1998. Web.19.Nov.2012.

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Movie 2012?

Nowadays, movies have become the spiritual food which always comes along with our lives. However, because almost all movies have both strengths and weaknesses, there are not only positive but also negative attitudes of the viewers toward them. 2012 has also received such a wide range of mixed reviews about its quality. Being produced in 2009, 2012 is a fiction movie telling viewers about the end of the world on December 12th, 2012.The content of this movie mainly focuses on the reactions of American government officers and the spectacular escape from death by Jackson Curtis' family with his ex-wife's boyfriend before the moment in which the earth is being destroyed because of the greatest disasters in history. Even though there are a few illogic scenes in the movie, 2012 has still attracted millions of viewers because of special effects and the way humanity is portrayed.? Watching 2012, viewers are satisfied the most by special effects.In 2012, the surface of the earth is totally cha nged due to a series of the biggest disasters coming at the same time: the moving of continental fragments, the erupting of volcanoes, and the attacking of the most violent tsunamis. This is absolutely a product of imagination; however, the way that the director of the movie imitates the appearance of those disasters is so real that viewers have a feeling of watching a documentary movie, not an entertainment movie.Beside visual effects, sound effects also contribute to the success of the movie because there is a diversity of sounds in the movie, and each sound is perfectly combined with the scene, which increases the reality of this imaginary product. As the 21st century is the century of technology, tastes of viewers have changed very much. Viewers, especially new generations, highly regard products that use highly technical solutions. Therefore, the higher the quality of a movie' special effects is, the more successful it is. That is the reason why success in creating outstanding visual and sound effects obviously gratifies viewers.?Special effects might fascinate viewers from the first sight; however, to become unforgettable for viewers, a movie also needs good content. The story about humanity in 2012 will be always in the viewers' minds because of the clever way that film makers tell it. Humanity is always an interesting topic, and humanity which is placed in the scene of the end of the world is even more intriguing. 2012 reflects truly both positive and negative aspects of the way that humans treat each other when they have to step on the edge between ife and death. Viewers may be moved to tear because of the sacrificing of President Thomas Wilson (Danny Glover) in the movie, who decides to stay and help his citizens in the greatest chaos instead of sitting in a safe ship, the effort to send the loving words among family members before the death arrives, or the persuasive urging of the American geologist Adrian Helmsley (Chiwetel Ejiofor) to convince lea ders of all ships to open the gate for everyone to come in before the most terrifying tsunami arrives.In contrast, the selfish act of the White House Chief of Staff, Carl Anheuser (Oliver Platt), who tries to stop opening the ship's gate for other people even though there is enough room in the ship for them, shows the viewer the negative side of human beings.? Although 2012 has succeeded in creating special effects and building the story about humanity, some illogical scenes may lower its grade for quality.These illogical scenes are all about the spectacular escape of Jackson Curtis and his family. Perhaps, in order to make the film more thrilling, the director always lets them survive in few last minutes. The film makers might forget that viewers are smart enough to distinguish between the truthfulness and untruthfulness in a movie, and it is very annoying them when they have to watch something too fake.Briefly, 2012 deserves to be watched as the film makers cleverly and successful ly bring to the viewers the special effects and the story about how people treat others at the end of the world. The weakness in scriptwriting sometimes may disappoint the viewers; however, it is minor. As a viewer, I had special feelings while watching 2012, and it is never boring to me to watch this movie again. I believe many other people also had the same feelings that I had for this great movie.

Hume and Epicurus †Philosophy Essay

Hume and Epicurus – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Hume and Epicurus Philosophy Essay How often have we looked at the night sky and wondered at the splendor of the stars and planets glowing at us? How often do we see the majesty of the flowers or hear the beating of our heart and, overwhelmed by the sheer magnificence of the order and beauty, feel the presence of a Supreme Creator? So goes the design argument- it proclaims that because of the order and brilliance of the universe, it follows that there must be a rational, intelligent creator. Hume, in his work An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, actually responds to the argument in a unique way. In fact, he does not criticize the argument itself, but sets it aside and goes about a criticism of the consequences of the reasoning by which those who accept the design case infer morality and all manner of characteristics about God that cannot be seen directly from nature. The cosmos is a wondrous place. One only has to look at the planets and their circular orbits to conclude, at least in our definition, that we have quite an ordered universe around us. And thus since the recorded beginnings of man’s history it has been. However, because of skeptics who do not see God in the creations of the world, quite a bit of religious philosophy has been written inferring the existence of a god; not only a god, however, but the God we know and are familiar with, that Great Existence that rewards virtue and punishes vice. In Hume’s philosophy, although he admits a god could feasibly be inferred from the marvels of the natural world, he rejects any additional inferences about God that do not relate to the effects of the natural world itself. Epicurus was a philosopher in Athens who headed a movement called Epicureanism. This school of thought believed the highest goal in life was pleasure and the absence of pain, although pleasure of the mind was preferable to pleasure of the body. Their theology was quite passive, and though most Epicureans admitted to the existence of gods, the deities did not concern themselves with human affairs. Additionally, they were not involved in the natural phenomena, which could be completely explained by science- a philosophy derived from Democritus’ theory of the atom. In Hume’s An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding, he takes the place of Epicurus in philosophical defense. He feigns the position against the Athenians, who, during the time of Epicurus, denounced his philosophy. Hume’s central argument concerns the various roles of cause and effect. One can often infer cause from an effect, he says. For example, he even uses the design argument and admits that the first half can be correct; in other words, it could indeed follow that there is a creator from the wonders of the natural world. However, one cannot then, from that cause, conclude that there are many more effects that cannot be seen from the natural world itself. The design argument, fails then- at least that part that concludes that the God of Christianity or Jupiter, or any other specific god exists and has all the benevolent and just characteristics that are often attributed to him. Hume uses the example of the Greek artist Zeuxis, who was an excellent painter. You cannot simply look at Zeuxis’ paintings and also know that he was a great sculptor, just as you cannot look at God’s creations and know that he is a just being, or that he has a spirit or that he rewards virtue a nd punishes vice. The only thing you can know is that He has the power to create a tree, or an ocean, or a planet or whatever you see ordered and evidently from Him. Thus, having a fervent religious belief in God based on reason is impossible and absurd, according to Hume. We can see an unfinished building with the tools of building all around it, and be quite certain that someone either is going to come around to finish it, or that somehow the unfinished building was held up in manufacture. However, we can infer all these things because we are basing on the actions of humans, with which we are quite familiar. Knowledge about God, who we cannot see or have no real familiarity with, cannot be inferred in the same way. Nowhere in his dialogue does Hume condemn religion itself. He does not deny God or the existence of morals and the importance of virtue and excellence. However, he is quite skillful at showing that our reason is limited. He shows that we must start from what we know and admit as only hypothesis anything from our belief in God that we do not know for certain and cannot conclude from the amazing magnificence around us. Research Papers on Hume and Epicurus - Philosophy EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind TravelGenetic EngineeringAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCapital PunishmentRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Virtual Private Network

Virtual Private Network Virtual Private Network Introduction The sharing of information amongst departments within corporations has become an integral part of ensuring efficiency and decision making hence yielding in productivity. In order to bolster the communication channel within our corporation, it becomes necessary to adopt new technology such as the Virtual Private Network (VPN). The VPN can be defined as a private network that operates through the use of a public network such as the Internet in order to connect multiple locations, which are remote. The VPN facilitates interconnectivity of networks over long distances and, therefore, forms a wide network area (Stairs et al., 2009). In technical terms, the VPN is Wide Area Network across the Internet that creates links between sites even though it appears to users as a private network link (Wouters Bantof, 2006). The VPN also supports secure connections between an organizations private network and that of the remote users through a third party service provider. The network is normally encrypted, and telecommuters have vouched for the reliability, safety and low-cost of VPN in a bid to connect an organization's intranet (Shinder Shinder, 2004; Stairs et al., 2009). It is, however, important to note that there are basically two types of VPN namely: the remote access VPN and the site-to-site VPN. I highly recom mend a site-to-site VPN, otherwise referred to as the router-to-router VPN connection. Summary of Technology/Problem Solution The Site-to-Site VPN Connection The Site-to-Site VPN connection is a network that enables an organization to have routed connections between its varied separate offices and/or with other affiliate organizations through a public network without compromising the security of the network (Morimoto et al., 2008, Schnider, 2011). In essence, a routed VPN across the routed VPN connection through the use of the internet operates logically as a Wide Area Network link. Whenever the network is connected through the use of the Internet, a router effectively sends forward packets into another router along the VPN connection. In terms of the routers, the VPN connection serves as data layer link (Lewis and Lewis, 2006; Morimoto et al., 2008, Schnider, 2011). Besides, the Site-to-Site VPN connection can be used to link two disparate portions of a private network. In this case, the VPN server plays the role of providing a routed connection to the network that is attached to the VPN server. Therefore, the calling router- also referred to as the VPN client- automatically authenticates itself to the VPN server which is otherwise termed as the answering router. It should be noted that for the purpose of mutual authentication, the answering router does authenticate itself in response to the calling router. Therefore, in a Site-to-Site VPN connections the packets sent from either of the routers across the VPN connection do not typically originate from the router (Morimoto, 2004; Bendell, 2006; Morimoto et al., 2008). In essence, the site-to-site VPN connects two networks that are dispersed by linking them with a leased line, a WAN circuit or through a public network such as the Internet. The actual underlying infrastructure for the network is inconsequential, provided that the sites can be linked to each other through the IP (Khan, 2005; Matei, 2012). The sites can operate using the pre-shared keys: the key can be shared between the sites to enable mutual authentication and to help establish the encryption of initials that can be exchanged IPsec tunnel parameters. On the other hand, the site-to-site VPN may operate using digital certificates, which belong to each particular site. This is provided by a central CA for the facilitation of authentication and encryption of the earlier exchanges between the sites (Khan, 2005; Matei, 2012). The use of a site-to-site VPN connection provides substantial constant savings when compared to the other network that uses dedicated Wide Area Network link. Whatever is required to use a site-to-site VPN is a VPN gateway and a working Internet connection that is relatively inexpensive. After the VPN connection has established connections between sites, the site-to-site VPN link is invariably established (Shinder Shinder, 2004; Schinder, 2011). The users on each end can then communicate with the other networks through the site-to-site VPN link as it would be the case with the routed connection on their very own networks. In this case, the gateways serve as routers and, therefore, route the packets to the designated networks. In a typical context, the site-to-site VPN connections are established between the offices of an organization either between departments, the main office and the myriad branch offices (Schinder, 2011). This is considered as an approach to social theory that is agent based. The theory bears its origin from social studies and regards objects as being part and parcel of a social network. The theory puts much emphasis on the agency of non-humans in a communication channel and helps in mapping the simultaneous relationships between the semiotics or the concepts and the material within a communication network (Fenwick et al., 2010). Therefore, the ANT provides the means through which the relational ties in a particular network can be explored but does not shed additional light on the reason and the form of the network. In a nut shell, this theory provides the explanation of how the material and semiotic networks are built up so that they function as a whole. Therefore, the clusters of actors who are involved in the creation of meaning can be described as being both material and semiotic. This explicitly relates the various elements that are found within a network, thereby coming up with the coherent whole. Such networks are invariably transient, and as a result, they exist in a constant re-making and making process. Subsequently, the relations are repeatedly performed without which the network is subject to dissolution. The theory also makes the assumption that the networks of relations are by no means intrinsically coherent (Fenwick et al., 2010). The actors in this theory include both human and non-humans and in the context of the network they relate with one another. This theory assumes that there is nothing that lies outside this network of relations; implying that there are no distinct differences in the abilities of the technology, human and non-human to act. Therefore, as soon as the actor engages with the actor-network, it is invariably involved in the web of relations, thereby becoming part of the entelechy (Fenwick et al., 2010). This theory is imperative in the quest to install the site-to-site VPN as it helps in understanding the position and interaction of various players (human and non-human) within the network. The understanding of this relation is critical in ensuring that the network is exploited to the maximum. Structuration Theory The structuration theory talks about the duality of structures of communication. This duality involves the relationship between structure and agency. In essence, the theory attempts to look at how agents relate to the structural elements of the society. The theory perceives structure as that which gives form to the social life without necessarily being the form itself. Therefore, structures come into being through the activities of the agents (human). On the other hand, agency refers to the patterns of peoples actions and not their intentions for doing their activities (Stones, 2005). In general term, the structuration theory is considered as a theoretical approach towards sociological phenomenon. Initially, during its formulation the theory did not address the technological aspect of human relations. However, as technology began to take a critical and almost central place in human relations, especially in the organizational setups the theory was extended to include the information technology dimension (Stones, 2005). This theory will be instrumental in the implementation of this set-to-set VPN as it will help to understand the position of the corporations staff as agents; and how their interactions across the network is a dual nature. Therefore, this gives the interactions a form that either displays the success or failure of the communication system. Systems Theory The systems theory has been considered as a study that rather cuts across all disciplines. This study delves into the abstract organization of various phenomena bearing in mind the independence of their types, substances and/or spatial scales of existence. The theory investigates the principles that are found in all complex entities and models that can be used to lend their understanding. According to this theory, a system consists of four main components. The first components can be defined as objects: they involve variables, elements and parts within the system. They can either be abstract, physical or both in accordance to the systems nature. The second component includes the attributes: these are qualities or properties that the objects and system exhibit. The third component is the internal relationship between the objects in the system, and the final component is the environment in which the system exists (Dwivedi, 2012). Therefore, according to the theory, the system is a set of things that impact on each other within a particular environment, forming a larger pattern that is disparate from any other parts. In the analysis of the organizations, the important systems interactive paradigm consists of looking at the continual stages such as the input, processing and the output. These stages reveal the concept of openness and/or closeness. The closed system does not interact with the environment in which the system is set up: such a system does not take in new information and can, therefore, wither and die away. On the other hand, an open system takes in new information since it interacts with the environment in which it is based. The open system, therefore, increases the possibilities of survival and prosperity (Dwivedi, 2012). This theory is critical in helping shape that kind of system that will be effective for the corporation. The theory proposes that we open our soon to be implemented site-to-site VPN connection to new information as this will not only enable our sustainability, but this appreciation of our environment will make our communication channel efficient and productive. Social Construction of Technology Theory Also referred to as SCOT, this theory posits that technology does not determine the actions of humans within a communication channel but rather it is the human actions that shape the technology. The theory also posits that the ways in which technology is used, can hardly be understood whereby a full comprehension of the ways in which that technology is ingrained in the social context. This theory is referred to by some scholars as technological constructivism, especially those who consider it a response to technological determinism (Bijker, 2012). According to the theory, the study of the social world is critical in understanding the criteria that people use to determine whether to accept or reject a particular technology. The theory is, therefore, a methodology as it helps in the formalization of the principles and steps that need to be followed when analyzing the failures and success of a particular technology (Bijker, 2012). This theory is fundamental in these initial stages of implementing the site-to-site VPN connection in our corporation. The theory proposes that we understand the effectiveness of this system by taking a critical look at the social milieu in which it is going to be set. This is because; the social environment will determine the form and productivity of the system. The Activity Theory This theory principally aids in understanding the mental capabilities of an individual. The theory, however, goes ahead to confirm that isolated individuals are sufficient to conduct the analysis of a unit, the analysis of the technical and cultural aspects of the interactions between human beings. Therefore, the theory is mostly used in the description of socio-technical system based on six interrelated elements. These elements include the objective of the system; the actors that are engaged in the system (Kaptelinin and Nardi, 2009). The other elements also include the tools that are used by the actors in the communication system; the social context within which the system is based; the division of labor or rather the hierarchical structure of the actors in the system and finally the conventions, rules and guidelines put in place to regulate the various activities of the system (Kaptelinin and Nardi, 2009). This theory is invaluable in the implementation of the site-to-site VPN connection in the company. The theory helps in understanding the various actors in the system and more so the role that they play in the conception and effectiveness of the system. Understanding the individuals is crucial in further understanding the general social context within which the system is based, thereby making it possible for the prediction of its suitability and potential. The Technical Specification of the Site-to-Site Virtual Private Network The system will use an OpenVPN, which is an open source SSLVPN client server that will enable the setting up of the corporations encrypted VPN. The OpenVPN is crucial in securing the sharing and access of information between offices irrespective of their distances. The system will require a central office that will be linked to a handful of computers across the various departmental offices. These computers will be connected by routers. This will require access to both the client and server side routers (Teska, 2008). Therefore, the client network and the server network will be separated into disparate broadcast domains - a process that will require a WINS server in order to route the Windows file-share information between the two or various sub-nets. The required hardware will, therefore, include the Linksy WRT54G (for the client router); the D-Link DLG-4300 (for the server router). The server OpenVPN Machine will have the following specifications: Processor AMD Athlon 1600+, RAM 768 Mb and Operating System Slackware 10.2. The client OpenVPN Machine will have the following specifications: Processor AMD Athlon X2 3800+, RAM 2 GB and Operating System Slackware 12 (Teska, 2008). Feasibility Study The installation of the site-to-site Virtual Private Network is not just feasible for the organization but also an inevitable measure. Notably, the installation of this system can be completed within the next six months as reflected in the operation plan, given the commitment of the corporation to prioritize its implementation. The installation will not be an added financial burden to the corporations already scheduled financial budget. This is because some of the equipment required for successful installation of the system is already in place, including cable networks and computers and other installation materials. While an upgrade of some of the computers is called for, they can still be used for the installation purpose and be replaced at a later stage, at the corporations convenience. Arguably, the only new dimension that the site-to-site VPN connection introduces to the already existing communication system is the Internet aspect, which will be able to bridge the offices that ha ve not been able to communicate due to geographical distances. It is worth noting that the Internet is affordable, and the necessary measures have been put in place to ensure that the corporations information will be secured. Due to the magnitude of the corporation, especially with offices scattered across the country, there is a need for swift up-to-the-minute communication between these various departments. The site-to-site VPN connection is the apt solution that can help bridge this information gap due to its cost effectiveness and information safety. Operation Plan The implementation dates of the various aspects of installation of the site-to-site VPN is indicated chronologically in the table below. Time Line Activity January 25 to February 15, 2013 Review and Approval of the Site to Site VPN Proposal Report February 16 to March 30, 2013 Examination of the Existing System across the Countrywide Offices April to June 15, 2013 Setting Up the New Infrastructure between the Main Office and the Remote Offices June 16 to July 31, 2013 Testing the installed system. August 1, 2013 Launching the system. Recommendations After intensive discussion in this report on the merits of the site-to-site VPN connection and the provision of the reasons as to why the corporation should adopt the system, I would recommend that the implementation of the same be given prominence to enable timely communication between the various departments in the corporation. In this case, time is of the essence as information is considered today as one of the determinants of profitability and efficiency in organizations. Therefore, the corporation should promptly consider the merits of the proposed communication system and embark on its implementation. In the installation process, the proposed installation price should be duly followed to avoid the omission of the key elements of the proposed system. Conclusion In this discussion, it is proposed the site-to-site Virtual Private Network is befitting for the upgrade of the communication system of the corporation. This proposed VPN model will use the Internet to facilitate communication between different offices within the corporation. The security of the information and the affordability of the Internet are some of the merits that we have pinpointed as being inherent with this system. We have also discussed its pertinent requirements and how they enable the efficiency and security of the system. Besides, we have discussed how the five telecommunication technology theories are applied in the proposed system and revealed the theories that help in understanding the various components of the system. In summary, the recommendation of the site-to-site VPN connection is in recognition of the corporations communication needs and financial constraints. This system will help the corporations effective sharing and access of information, which is critical in timely decision making and hence productivity.

Prehistoric Semi-Subterranean Winter Houses

Prehistoric Semi-Subterranean Winter Houses The most common form of permanent housing in the prehistoric period for arctic regions was the semi-subterranean winter house. First built in the American arctic about 800 BC, by the Norton or Dorset Paleo-Eskimo groups, semi-subterranean houses were essentially dugouts, houses excavated partially or completely below the ground surface to take advantage of geothermal protections during the harshest of climates. While there are several versions of this form of house over time in the American arctic regions, and in fact there are several related forms in other polar regions (Gressbakken Houses in Scandinavia) and even in the great plains of North American and Asia (arguably earth lodges and pit houses), semi-subterranean houses reached their highest pinnacle in the Arctic. The homes were heavily insulated to ward off the bitter cold, and constructed to maintain both privacy and social contact for large groups of people despite that harsh climate. Construction Methods Semi-subterranean houses were built of a combination of cut sod, stone, and whalebone, insulated with sea mammal or reindeer skins and animal fats and covered with a bank of snow. Their interiors possessed cold-traps and sometimes dual seasonal entrance tunnels, rear sleeping platforms, kitchen areas (either spatially discrete or integrated into the main living area) and various storage areas (shelves, boxes) for stowing food, tools and other household goods. They were large enough to include members of extended families and their sled dogs, and they were connected to their relatives and the rest of the community via passageways and tunnels. The real genius of semi-subterranean homes, however, resided in their layouts. At Cape Espenberg, Alaska, a survey of beach ridge communities (Darwent and colleagues) identified a total of 117 Thule-Inupiat houses, occupied between 1300 and 1700 AD. They found the most common house layout was a linear house with one oval room, which was accessed by a long tunnel and between 1-2 side spurs used as kitchens or food-processing areas. Layouts for Community Contact A substantial minority, however, were multiple large-roomed houses, or single houses built side-by-side in groups of four or more. Interestingly, the house clusters, with multiple rooms and long entrance tunnels are all more common attributes at the early end of occupation at Cape Espenberg. That has been attributed by Darwent et al. to a shift from a dependence on whaling to localized resources, and the transition to a sharp downturn in climate called the Little Ice Age (AD 1550-1850). But the most extreme cases of below-ground communal connections in the Arctic was during the 18th and 19th century, during the Bow and Arrow Wars in Alaska. The Bow and Arrow Wars The Bow and Arrow wars were a long-lasting conflict between different tribes including the Alaskan Yupik villagers. The conflict could be compared to the 100 Years War in Europe: Caroline Funk says it imperiled lives and made legends of great men and women, with a range of conflicts from deadly to merely threatening. Yupik historians do not know when this conflict started: it may have begun with the Thule migration of 1,000 years ago and it may have been instigated in the 1700s by competition for long distance trading opportunities with the Russians. Most likely it began at some point in between. The Bow and Arrow Wars ended at or just prior to the arrival of Russians traders and explorers in Alaska in the 1840s. Based on oral histories, subterranean structures took on a new importance during the wars: not only did people need to conduct family and communal life inside because of weather demands, but to protect themselves from attack. According to Frink (2006), historic period semi-subterranean tunnels connected the members of the village in an underground system. The tunnels - some as long as 27 meters - were formed by horizontal logs of planks shored up by short vertical retainer logs. Roofs were constructed of short split logs and sod blocks covered the structure. The tunnel system included dwelling entrances and exits, escape routes and tunnels that linked village structures. Sources Coltrain JB. 2009. Sealing, whaling Journal of Archaeological Science 36(3):764-775. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2008.10.022and caribou revisited: additional insights from the skeletal isotope chemistry of eastern Arctic foragers. Darwent J, Mason O, Hoffecker J, and Darwent C. 2013. 1,000 Years of House Change at Cape Espenberg, Alaska: A Case Study in Horizontal Stratigraphy. American Antiquity 78(3):433-455. 10.7183/0002-7316.78.3.433 Dawson PC. 2001. Interpreting Variability in Thule Inuit Architecture: A Case Study from the Canadian High Arctic. American Antiquity 66(3):453-470. Frink L. 2006. Social Identity and the Yupik Eskimo Village Tunnel System in Precolonial and Colonial Western Coastal Alaska. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 16(1):109-125. doi: 10.1525/ap3a.2006.16.1.109 Funk CL. 2010. The Bow and Arrow War days on the Yukon-Kuskokwim . Ethnohistory 57(4):523-569. doi: 10.1215/00141801-2010-036delta of Alaska Harritt RK. 2010. Variations of Late Prehistoric Houses in Coastal Northwest Alaska: A View from Wales. Arctic Anthropology 47(1):57-70. Harritt RK. 2013. Toward an archaeology of late prehistoric Eskimo bands in coastal northwest Alaska. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32(4):659-674. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2013.04.001 Nelson EW. 1900. The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. Free download

The British Royal Marine Corps' Influence on The United States Marine Research Paper

The British Royal Marine Corps' Influence on The United States Marine Corps - Research Paper Example This paper is dedicated to the study of British Royal Marine Corps’ influences on the United States Marine Corps. The United States attitudes and reactions to the presence of the British corps in their land. When the British gained control of the United States Maritime, they resulted in treating the United States residents as akin to slaves. Stating that the British treated United States Corps cruelly would be an understatement. This was bound to evoke feelings of reprisal in the community of the United States’ Corps. In order to understand the complexities of the reactions of the United States corps towards the British corps, it is imperative to first analyze the manner in which the British authority treated the Indians. The facts that have been publicized concerning the British rule in United States corps give a glimpse of the sad realities that faced the population of the Briton at that time. With respect to the British population in India at the time, the Indians di d not have any rights. An example of the treatment they faced is best exemplified by the fact that they were not allowed to walk on the sidewalks next to the British. Failure to adhere to this and any other baseless law resulted in the incarceration of the Indian outlaw. It is right to refer to wrongdoers as such since they basically received treatment akin to outlaws. While inside the jails and prisons, the Indians were severely beaten and abused by the commanding British police officers. The treatment of the United Corpse at that time is akin to the treatment of the black population by the Americans in the nineteenth century.

Why did Britain want a trading post on Singapore Research Paper

Why did Britain want a trading post on Singapore - Research Paper Example The Sultan of Singapore, Abdul Rahman, was under relatively tight Dutch control and as such, could not allow for the British to set up any trading post in Singapore. However Raffles formulated a plan through which the Sultan’s elder brother would be able to take up the sultanate. Sultan Abdul Rahman’s elder brother Tengku Hussein Shah was supposed to be the rightful ruler due to his having been the eldest son (Rahim, 2010). Sir Raffles drew up papers that effectively recognized Hussein Shah as being the lawful sultan of not only Johor, but also Singapore. After recognizing Hussein Shah as sultan, Sir Stamford Raffles signed a treaty in February 1819 with Hussein Shah and Temenggong Abdul Rahman, the treaty declared the approval the establishment of a British East India Company trading post in Singapore (Rahim, 2010). The treaty also specified that Sultan Hussein Shah and the Temenggong would in turn receive an annual income from the British. In the establishment of this trading post, it can be noted that Sir Raffles undertook a number of drastic measures in what can be construed to be an indicator of the importance that Britain attributed to the establishment of this trading post (Yew, 2013). This paper will seek to establish why Sir Stamford Raffles and Britain wanted a trading post in Singapore. The geographical location of Singapore is believed to have been one of the key reasons as to why the British essentially chose it as the location where they would set up a new port in the region. The Straits of Melaka had become an important trade route for British traders who would use it when travelling to China during the 19th century. The strait had proven to be a relatively great source of income for these British traders as a result of its facilitation of the lucrative opium-tea and silk trade with China (Yew, 2013). When using the route, British traders would travel from Europe, around the African continent to SEA,

Organization Culture Pictorial Project Assignment - 1

Organization Culture Pictorial Project - Assignment Example ever, the most common technique that is used by the majority of companies that are rated among the top in the world includes the maintenance of a particular organizational culture. This is reflected from the way that items are placed and arranged within the buildings, from the exterior appearance of the buildings and from the way that activities and organized and conducted within the firms. It is from the way that the Starbucks conducts its activities and portrays the elements within and without the building that elicits a lot of my interest towards the company. At Starbucks, a strong culture has been inculcated among all the employees. This is meant to motivate and encourage all the employees at all levels of management. Subsequently, this culture is extended to the customers who get the most impressive customers. The exemplary services provided by the employees make the customers want to come back for more service as well as attracts other new customers. In turn, the company has managed to witness a tremendous growth in their profits and the revenues they receive. At Starbucks, one of the most important things is the organizational culture. It starts from the leaders at the top management of the company. The president of the company describes himself as one who is fanatical about communication. This is a photo that reflects the manner in which the activities of the Starbucks Company are conducted within the premises. In particular, it reflects the kind of culture that is maintained among the employees. It is based on the American culture where a lot of efforts are made to save as much cash as possible but not at the expense of the employees. As such, the company promotes productivity by including the employees as partners in the business and making them to not only have the feeling that they are employees but that they are Starbucks itself (Burrows, 2015). This is the slogan of the Starbucks Company. It is placed just above the entrance door. It is an

Evaluation Essay Any topic Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation Any topic - Essay Example My brother's fish tank has the correct mix of fish, is clean, and is a pleasure to watch. An aquarium is first and foremost a place where the fish will spend their entire life. Having the correct combination of species is critical to maintaining balance in a fish tank. Some fish will be more aggressive and attack smaller fish. In addition, the tank needs a well balanced mixture of bottom, middle, and top feeders to keep the tank clean of uneaten food. Aquarium expert Thomas Narten reminds us, "Not all species of fish mix well with others". My brother has a Beta that feeds on the top, tetras and lionfish to feed the middle, and catfish that live as bottom feeders. They are not aggressive and stay in their own territory. My brother has provided a well balanced environment for these fish to spend the rest of their lives in. The fact that the fish will spend their entire lives in this tank demands that it remain clean. My brother has chosen to utilize an undergravel filter. This arrangement draws water through the gravel at the bottom of the tank and the settling debris is used to feed the plants and bottom feeders that reside there. The test of a filtering system is water clarity and in this my brother has succeeded. The water is spotless with no floating debris.

History of Interpretation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Interpretation paper - Essay Example This is a pointer to the progressive mission which Jesus had. He was not on earth for an instance but to carry out a continuous mission. Knowing that the questioner may have tuned to out to be hypothetical as was seen in Luke 10: 29 where one asked about whom his neighbor was, Jesus gave his answer to the question by posing a personal challenge. He calls on the individuals in the crowd to act in a way which will show that they are saved. In verse 24, Luke gives the condition for getting to eternal life by stating that people will â€Å"struggle to enter† the kingdom. The term agonizomai implies that â€Å"the few† will have to cope with â€Å"the many† for entry through a limited space. The struggle will be compounded by the short duration of time that those seeking to enter will have. Luke goes ahead to talk about the â€Å"narrow door†. In this verse, it may appear as though Luke has lost contrast as he does not talk of the wide gate which is seen in Matthew 7:1. However, this may have been intentionally done to provide a quick answer to the audience about the process of getting into the kingdom. Burns furthers this line of thought by noting that interpretation of the verse requires considering of two issues (588). First, is the aspect of entering the place being talked of. From the text, it is plain that Luke is talking about entering the Kingdom of God. After stating that the audience should â€Å"strive to enter through the narrow door†, he goes ahead to allude to a master of a particular house who stands and shuts the door to bar others from entering. The alternative to entering the narrow gate which Luke is referring to is found in the book of Mathew where it is stated â€Å"Enter by the narrow gate. For the gate is wide and the way is easy that leads to destruction† (Matt. 7:13). Luke goes ahead to state that as the audience strive to enter the narrow gate, there are obstacles that they have to overcome so as

Evaluation Essay Any topic Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation Any topic - Essay Example My brother's fish tank has the correct mix of fish, is clean, and is a pleasure to watch. An aquarium is first and foremost a place where the fish will spend their entire life. Having the correct combination of species is critical to maintaining balance in a fish tank. Some fish will be more aggressive and attack smaller fish. In addition, the tank needs a well balanced mixture of bottom, middle, and top feeders to keep the tank clean of uneaten food. Aquarium expert Thomas Narten reminds us, "Not all species of fish mix well with others". My brother has a Beta that feeds on the top, tetras and lionfish to feed the middle, and catfish that live as bottom feeders. They are not aggressive and stay in their own territory. My brother has provided a well balanced environment for these fish to spend the rest of their lives in. The fact that the fish will spend their entire lives in this tank demands that it remain clean. My brother has chosen to utilize an undergravel filter. This arrangement draws water through the gravel at the bottom of the tank and the settling debris is used to feed the plants and bottom feeders that reside there. The test of a filtering system is water clarity and in this my brother has succeeded. The water is spotless with no floating debris.

Google in China Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google in China - Article Example Just recently, the state has developed a firewall system that blocked numerous sites supported by Google. From the company, the problem is not an internal issue and they severs are fully functional. However, the Googlespokeswoman did not provide much information on the issue. On numerous occasions, Googlehas developed mechanisms that could enable users in china access their services but they have since been countered. The issue is important in the business sector since the internet is an important factor. For businesses they would be required to consider marketing alternatives. In addition, the businesses are required to monitor their information provided through their internet platforms. Auditors should ensure they monitor the content provided through online services to minimize sanctions risks. Accountants are affected since they should develop ways that they could market their services or communicate with clients. Regulators are also required to provide specifications to business on how well they could practice ethical and correct internet

National origins Essay Example for Free

National origins Essay As a playwright Euripides always had a tendency to explore less popular tragic myths, or to look at uncommon versions of popular tragic tales, such as he did with Helen. In Ion however, Euripides takes this idea even further and totally rewrites the myth of Ion. According to Athenian Myth, Hellen was the eldest son of Deucalion and Pyrrha and he married the nymph Orseis, by whom he had three sons, Dorus, Aeolus and Xouthos. Dorus and Aeolus gave their names to the Dorian and Aeolians respectively, whilst Xouthos married the Athenian princess Kreousa, having two children with her before dying in exile in the northern Peloponnese. The first of these sons, Achaeus, returned to Thessaly, his fathers homeland, whilst the second son, Ion, was recalled to Athens where he died leading the Athenian forces against the Eleusians. His people were later driven from the Peloponnese and founded the Ionian colonies in the East. This is probably all the Athenians knew about the man named Ion, not much more than a name in their histories. Euripides however, presents a completely different story. Kreousa is the son of Erectheus, who sacrificed his other daughter to the gods on order to ensure a victory over King Eumolpus of Eleusis. Xouthos is a Thessalian, a son of Aeolus, and allied to Athens in a war against Chalcis, a town on the island of Euboea, and is married to Kreousa as a reward for his services to Athens. He then invents the story that Kreousa was raped by the God Apollo before she was married to Xouthos and gave birth to a child whom she abandoned in a cradle in a cave in the Long Rocks where Apollo had raped her. Apollo however, sent Hermes to rescue the child and take him to Delphi where he was raised by Apollos priestess and worked in the temple. This is all explained to the audience by Hermes, who also says that later the boy will be renamed Ion, so the audience know exactly who the boy is. Xouthos and Kreousa however, arriving at Delphi to ask Apollo for an oracle on why they can not have children, have no idea who the boy is. Xouthos is told by Apollo that when he leaves the temple the first person he meets will be his child. The first person he meets is the, as yet not renamed, Ion and Xouthos immediately explains to him what has happened and renames him Ion because he is the first person Xouthos met. Kreousa, unfortunately receives news of this from another source and reasons that Ion must be his son by another woman and the two of them are plotting to oust her and seize control of Athens. Therefore she concocts a plan to kill Ion and sends one of her slaves to poison him at the feast Xouthos is planning. Ion is saved, fortunately, due to Apollos intervention and he learns that it was Kreousa trying to kill him. He chased her to Apollos altar where she took sanctuary. Ion shouted that he would kill her and, hearing this, Apollo sends the Pythia out to show Ion the c radle he was brought to Delphi in. Kreousa recognises the cradle and realises that Ion is her son, then proves this by telling Ion correctly what is still in the cradle. Ion, Kreousa and Xouthos then return to Athens. This story is not created entirely by Euripides, it is a familiar story of a child of a royal family, raised abroad for whatever reason, and meeting his parents without recognising them. This is very similar to the stories of Oedipus Rex, in Sophocles play, Cyrus, and several other mythological Greek figures. The plot development is also very similar to his other plays, especially Electra and Helen. The plays involve lost siblings, mother / son, father / daughter, husband / wife etc who meet after a separation of many years and fail to recognise each other. Usually after they recognise each other but sometimes before there is usually a plot to kill those who they feel are in the wrong or to escape to some safe place. Ion is unusual in this since the Kreousa is plotting to kill Ion, whom she has not yet recognised, but abandons her plot when she realises who he is. The story Hermes tells at the beginning of the play about the rape of Kreousa by Apollo, and the life of the young Ion is told in such a manner that it recalls many of the foundation myths of Athens. The first of these is the myth of Cecrops, first King of Athens. He was said to be, autochthonus (which translates literally as born of the very earth), and half man half snake. Secondly, the myth of Ericthonius who was also believed to be autochthonus and given, in a chest, to the daughters of Cecrops to guard by Athene with strict instruction not to look inside. The daughters did and were driven insane by what they saw, reputedly either half man half snake like Cecrops or possibly even fully snake. Thirdly Erectheus was the son of Pandion, the son of Ericthonius and the nymph Praxithea.

Neuropsychological and Neurobiological Ageing

Neuropsychological and Neurobiological Ageing By the year 2075, more than 50% of the European population will be aged 60 or more, and there will be a three-fold increase in individuals aged 80 or more, relative to the present day. It is important that our society prepares for this demographic change and endeavours to enable older adults to optimise their quality of life and autonomy for as long as possible. To the extent that age-related cognitive decline is one of the biggest threats to independent living and well-being for this cohort, the field of cognitive neuroscience is arguably the discipline with the most potential to help in this regard. Non-pathological ageing is accompanied by several cognitive and brain changes that are a product of the natural ageing process, one’s environment, and one’s ability to compensate for them. These changes become evident in multiple cognitive dimensions. On the one hand, older adults have improved regulation of emotion, better vocabulary, better culture-related knowledge, and have better life satisfaction, compared to younger adults. On the other, they have reduced acuity of the senses, they require more time to both process, and respond to, sensory information, and invariably, they undergo declines in a number of other important physical and cognitive capacities. As the deterioration of older adults’ cognitive capacities begins to occur, the ability to monitor and evaluate the success of their cognitive processes is of paramount importance for detecting errors, and calibrating their daily activities to suit their strengths and weaknesses. Yet, the extent to which these metacognitive monitoring processes are affected by the natural ageing process has rarely been considered in the literature. A wealth of evidence from research on clinical populations indicates that metacognitive capacities are highly susceptible to disruption in several diverse neurological conditions, particularly those with damage to right frontal regions. Considering there is m uch evidence to suggest that the frontal lobe is one of the brain regions that undergoes the most extensive age-related changes (Dempster, 1992; Mosocovitch Wincour, 1992; Raz, Gunning, Head et al., 1997; West, 1996), the question follows whether metacognitive capacities are also vulnerable to disruption due to the natural ageing process. The present chapter is organised in six main sections. In the proceeding section, an overview of different perspectives on ageing at the neuropsychological and neurobiological level is provided. The third section introduces the topic of metacognition and draws on the clinical literature surrounding anosognosia to highlight the importance of metacognitive abilities, how they are measured, and what is known about their neuropsychological and neuroanatomical bases. The fourth and fifth sections provide more focussed reviews of the cognitive neuroscience literature on performance monitoring and conscious error awareness, respectively, which in the context of this thesis, are hypothesised to be critical to the accuracy of many metacognitive abilities. The sixth and final section provides an overall summary and an outline of the objectives of this thesis. Age-Related Cognitive and Cerebral Decline A robust, and positive, finding to emerge from cognitive ageing research is that age-related losses are not necessarily seen across all cognitive functions. Patterns of relative preservation versus decline are usually particularly apparent for what are known as crystallized versus fluid intelligence domains (Horn Cattell, 1967). These two clusters of intellectual abilities have also been discussed in terms of the pragmatics and mechanics of cognition (Baltes, Lindenberger, Staudinger, 1998). The former constitutes a culture-related knowledge base that is accumulated through experience, whereas the latter constitutes content-free information processing that relies on fundamental biological processes, and therefore mainly on the integrity of the central nervous system. Both cross-sectional (Lindenberger Baltes, 1995) and longitudinal studies (Schaie 1996; 2005) have indicated that processes in the fluid intelligence domain begin to decline from middle adulthood on, whereas capacitie s in the crystallized domain improve from childhood right through to adulthood and then either remain stable or continue to improve until very late in life. As such many authors have described cognitive ageing as a multi-dimensional and multi-directional process.   Perspectives on cognitive ageing at the behavioural level Many theories have been proposed to explain age-related declines and individual differences in cognitive functioning. Given that it is not within the objectives of this thesis to test any particular theory of cognitive ageing, this section provides a brief overview, as opposed to a comprehensive review, of the main perspectives on cognitive ageing at the behavioural level. This section is then followed by an overview of literature on cognitive ageing at the neurobiological level. The cognitive control hypothesis Common to many of the processes that witness age-related declines is a reliance on cognitive control. Cognitive control is critical to a range of higher order processes that allow for the regulation of sensory information and behaviour in accordance with one’s goals. These processes include monitoring, sequencing, initiation of action, inhibiting pre-potent responses, formulating goals, focusing attention and generating response alternatives (Fuster, 2000; Miller, 2000; Miller Cohen, 2000). These higher order control processes are also frequently referred to as executive functions (Baddeley, 1986; Norman Shallice, 1986; Shallice, 1998), and are predominantly mediated by the frontal lobes. Age-related differences are consistently observed on tasks that place high demands on cognitive control, including working memory (Borella, Ghisletta, de Ribaupierre, 2011; Hasher Zacks, 1988; Salthouse, 1994), attention (McAvinue; McDowd, 1986; Milham, Erickson, Banich et al., 2002; Hawk ins, Kramer, Capaldi, 1992; West, 2004), multi-tasking (Clapp, Rubens, Sabharwal Gazzaley, 2011; Jimura Braver, 2010), as well as episodic and source memory (Craik, Morris, Morris, Loewen, 1990). In contrast, older adults’ performance on measures of non-declarative or implicit memory, which are believed to rely on more automatic and less control demanding processes, has been found to be largely age invariant (Bergerbest, Gabrieli, Whitfield-Gabrieli et al., 2009; Fleischman Gabrieli, 1998; Light Singh, 1987; La Voie Light, 1994). Such observations have prompted many authors to propose that age-related cognitive decline may arise from impaired or inefficient deployment of cognitive control processes due to age-related degeneration of frontal lobe structures (Braver Barch, 2002; Crawford, Bryan, Luscez, Obonsawin, Stewart, 2000; Glisky, 2007; Greenwood, 2000; West, 2000; Rodriguez-Aranda Sundet, 2006). This general idea has been variously termed the â€Å"cognitive c ontrol hypothesis† (West, 1996; 2000; Gallo, Bell, Beier, Schacter, 2006; Koutstaal, 2006) â€Å"frontal lobe hypothesis† (West, 2000), â€Å"frontal ageing hypothesis† (Greenwood, 2000), â€Å"executive decline hypothesis† (Crawford et al., 2000), and â€Å"frontal hypothesis† (Rodrà ­guez-Aranda Sundet, 2006). In support of this idea  executive functions have been found to mediate the relationship between age and general cognitive capacities (Salthouse, Atkinson, Berish, 2003) and have explained age-related differences in learning and memory (Brooks, Kempe, Sionova, 2006; Crawford et al., 2000). Furthermore, when young and older adults’ performance on putative tests of frontal, temporal, and parietal functions were compared, the strongest correlation to emerge was between age and frontal measures, with advancing age being predictive of decreasing performance on frontal lobe measures (Mittenberg, Seidenberg, O’Leary, Digioulo, 1989). The processing-speed hypothesis Salthouse (1996) has argued that age-related deficits in controlled processing are secondary to a generalised reduction in the processing speed of underlying cognitive operations. Behavioural slowing has long been considered a primary concomitant of the ageing process. Christensen Kumar (2003) have suggested that processing speed peaks in the early 20s and then declines by approximately 20% by the age of 40, and by up to 40-60% by the age of 80. Age-related declines in processing speed have been attributed to a general slowing of information processing (Birren Fisher, 1995) or increased neural noise (Welford, 1965) within the central nervous system with advancing age. In support of the processing-speed theory it has been observed that age differences on several capacities in the fluid domain, such as abstract reasoning, working memory, and problem solving were attenuated after statistically controlling for processing speed (Bors Farrin, 1995; Salthouse, 1996; Salthouse Babcock, 1 991; Zimprich Martin, 2002). Speed of processing was also found to be the main predictor of age-related changes in memory and spatial ability (Finkel McGue, 1993). The inhibitory deficit hypothesis Hasher and Zacks (1988) advanced that a selective deficit in inhibitory control processes may constitute a global cognitive ageing phenomenon. More specifically, this theory assumes that in order for goals to be fulfilled effectively, automated responses to non-goal relevant information need to be suppressed. However, age-related reductions in inhibitory control enable non-goal relevant information to vie for attentional resources, which results in greater distractibility, slowed and error-prone behaviour, and greater forgetting rates (Lustig, Hasher Zacks, 2007; Hasher Zacks, 1998). Age-related declines in inhibitory control and increased susceptibility to distractors have been found to explain a considerable proportion of age-related variance in working memory capacity (Hasher, Zacks, May, 1999). In a more recent study, both processing speed and inhibition were identified as independent mediators of age differences in working memory capacity (Borella, Ghisletta, de Ribaupierre, 2011). Dedifferentiation and cognitive permeation Many studies have reported that the statistical correspondence between sensory and sensorimotor abilities such as vision, hearing, balance, and gait, and intellectual abilities in both fluid and the crystallized domain is significantly greater in older adults than in young adults (e.g. Baltes Mayer, 1999). Moreover, it has been found that for older adults sensory functioning is a stronger predictor of capacities in the fluid domain than a comprehensive set of sociobiographic factors (Baltes Lindenberger, 1997). This apparent loss of domain specificity with increasing age has been termed â€Å"dedifferentiation.† A number of authors have proposed that this apparent dedifferentiation of functions may be attributable to sensory and sensorimotor functions placing greater demands on attentional control resources. This has become known as the cognitive permeation hypothesis (e.g. Lindenberger, Marsiske, Baltes, 2000; Schà ¤fer, Huxhold, Lindenberger, 2006). According to this hypothesis, resource overlap and competition amongst domains increases with advancing age, and compensation in the form of resource allocation trade-offs become more frequent (Li Lindernberger, 2002; Schà ¤fer et al., 2006). In accord with this, Li et al. (Li, Lindenberger, Freund Baltes, 2001) have shown that balance during walking was preserved at the expense of performance of a simultaneously executed cognitive task. Such findings suggest that age-related declines in cognitive domains could be attributable to increased allocation of attentional resources to processes that were previously automated. Cognitive Reserve Another important conceptual framework labelled ‘cognitive reserve,’ concerns how older adults may be able to draw on a pool of accumulated resources to maintain cognitive function. The notion of cognitive reserve emerged from recurrent observations that levels of cognitive impairment did not always manifest to the extent that would be expected from a given brain pathology (Stern, 2002). For instance, Katzman et al. (Katzman, Terry, DeTeresa et al., 1998) have reported that older adults can be cognitively intact up until they die, but exhibit advanced AD-related cerebral pathology at post-mortem. Such discrepancies have also been observed in a range of other conditions including stroke (Ojala-Oksala, Jokinen, Kopsi et al., 2012) and traumatic brain injury (TBI; Kesler, Adams, Blasey, Bigler, 2003). This apparent elevation of threshold for cognitive impairment appears to be promoted by factors such as high levels of education, occupational complexity, and participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities (Mortimer, 1997). It has been proposed that cognitive reserve may mediate individual differences in non-pathological cognitive ageing by fostering more efficient utilisation of brain networks or an enhanced ability to recruit alternate networks (Stern, 2002). Summary The natural ageing process is associated with myriad cognitive changes. Some of the most pronounced and consistently reported are on tasks that challenge cognitive control processes and working memory, or that require long term working memory (Hedden Gabrieli, 2004; Piguet Corkin, 2007). Several hypotheses about cognitive ageing at the behavioural level have been advanced, and each hypothesis described above continues to feature prominently in recent literature. However, it is difficult to arbitrate between these theories in the absence of neural evidence. The next sub-section will outline how the increasing availability of neuroimaging technologies has provided important new insights into the relationship between age-related changes in brain structure and function, and concomitant changes in cognitive abilities. Perspectives on cognitive ageing at the neurobiological level In the same way that ageing does not have an equal impact on all cognitive domains, ageing does not result in a general deterioration of the brain. Rather, the ageing brain is characterised by a ‘patchwork pattern of differential declines and relative preservation,’ not only at the structural level, but also at the functional level (Raz, 2000). Structural changes Grey matter integrity Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based studies consistently show a global age-related reduction in grey matter volumes, but considerable regional differences exist in terms of the magnitude and relative rate of change. In a longitudinal study, which spanned five years, Raz et al. (Raz, Lindenberger, Rodrigue et al., 2005) found a significant negative association between age and volume in the lateral prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the cerebellum, the caudate and the hippocampus. These associations were found to be stronger  after five years for the prefrontal regions, the cerebellum, the caudate and the hippocampus, indicating age-related accelerations in the shrinkage of these regions. Conversely, volumes in areas such as the primary visual cortex, the fusiform cortex and the inferior parietal lobes were not significantly associated with age, and there was no change in these associations over the course of five years. Several other studies using a variety of methods h ave reported similar findings, and in particular, an ever-growing literature documents the most dramatic age-related grey matter

Grapes Of Wrath :: essays research papers

Grapes of Wrath Explain how the behavior of the Joads shows Steinbeck’s view of the responsibility of the individual to society as a whole. Chapter 14 made an interesting point. At one point in the chapter it was stated that a farmer lost his farm. As this man’s family picks up their belongings and heads west they meet up with another family dealing with a similar situation. Now these two families share a common bond. A brotherhood is forming. This is the catalyst. No longer is it one farmer saying he lost his land but two farmers united saying they lost their land. Much the same transformation happens to the Joad family – especially to the characters of Ma, Young Tom, and Rose of Sharon. At the onset of the novel we see the Joad family struggling just to keep their immediate family together. They are focused on just themselves. By the end of this wonderful book we see the Joad family branching out in many different ways to embrace all of mankind as one big family. Ma Joad’s main concern at the beginning of the story is her family. She wants to keep the unit together and works diligently to achieve this goal. However, one by one, family members leave the group for various reasons leading to the slow but sure disintegration of the Joad clan. The first to go is Noah; then Grandpa and Grandma die;Connie walks off and leaves Rose of Sharon; Young Tom leaves because he has gotten into trouble again; and Al becomes engaged and decides to go with his fiancee’s family. Ma deals with each loss as best she can. As the story progresses, we find Ma Joad becoming more and more concerned with people outside the family unit. She feels the need to share whatever meager food and belongings her family has with other families enduring hardships. She saw the needs of her own family at the beginning of the story and by the end of the novel, she sees the needs of her fellow man. Young Tom appears to be self-centered when he if first introduced. He has just left prison after serving four years for murder. Tom want to enjoy life to the fullest and to be with his family. He is very disturbed to find the family home deserted and almost destroyed. He by this time has reacquainted himself with Jim Casey, an ex-preacher. The more Tom listens to Jim and his views on life, the soul of man, and the fellowship of mankind, the less he focuses on himself and his needs. He then begins to focus on the plight and abuse of the homeless farmers.

Cruise holidays (written for Punyabhumi Ltd)

If your kids or grandchildren have been raving about the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow at sea, then maybe it’s time you discovered the allure of the ocean for yourself! We’re not talking about meeting pirates or find gold doubloons on sunken ships, but luxuriating in the sheer bliss of sailing on a cruise liner. Whether you’re a stressed-out professional who hardly gets to see their partner on weekdays, a single person looking for romance and adventure, or a parent who’s longing for some family time with your children and spouse, there’s something about cruises that appeals to everyone! A cruise vacation is a wonderfully unique opportunity to experience the romance of the sea as well as the appeal of exotic destinations, and is a charming way to spend a few days of quality time with your partner. Most cruises pack so much into a couple of days—luxurious cabins, lazy walks on the deck, gourmet meals, entertainment shows, live bands, swimming pools complete with Jacuzzis, shopping and sight-seeing at exquisite ports—that the cruise is the perfect quick fix to chase your blues away, and have you walking on air for weeks to come! The two most popular cruise destinations from Chennai are Phuket and Colombo, both managed by the SuperStar Libra operators. The Libra is a state-of-the-art ocean liner, touted as a world-class luxury floating resort where the service is warm and the accommodations elegant. The ship offers you all the facilities you would expect from a five-star resort: mouth-watering menus at every meal, internet access, medical care, shopping and even conference and meeting rooms for those workaholics who want to catch up with business as they relax! The liner has a breathtaking ten decks, with over seven hundred luxury cabins. It can accommodate over one thousand and four hundred passengers on a single cruise. There are rooms ranging from the aristocratic executive suites (Rs 21,999/- per night per passenger) to the ocean-view staterooms (ranging from Rs 7,200 to Rs 11,000 per night per passenger, depending on the kind of view available from each cabin) with a choice of cabins with portholes, so you can gaze at the dazzlingly-clear night sky as you drift off contentedly into sleep at night! ). The Libra also features several restaurants on board, each offering you a tastefully organized dining experience. Check out Coconut Willy’s, the poolside restaurant where you can lounge in your swimsuit and sample the delightful menu, or the Pool Bar, which is exclusively for drinks and enticing cocktails. For a more formal dining experience, visit the Saffron, which features traditional Indian vegetarian meals, including Jain cuisine; there is also the enchanting Four Seasons restaurant for those who prefer continental meals. If you’re taking the kids along, chances are you won’t be able to tear them away from the aptly-named Lickety Splits, the ice-cream bar straight out of a child’s version of paradise! And where do we even begin to describe the various entertainment rooms? There’s The Bollywood, which is the karaoke lounge; the Galaxy of the Stars, a cocktail lounge with a live band; the discotheque, Boomer’s; Video Planet, for those compulsive gamers who periodically feel the need to blast the stuffing out of animated villains, and much, much more! The Libra cruise to Phuket gives you three days and four nights of memorable sailing. This is a typical â€Å"high sea† cruise, meaning that it’s the closest thing to heaven for those who want nothing more than to bask in the enchantment that three continuous days of open water can give you! Phuket also offers you the delight of turquoise waters and exploration in its rustic villages. The Libra Chennai-Colombo cruise is for three days and two nights, which includes one complete day of the high sea experience. Indian Holiday Pvt Ltd organizes cruises for you, and online bookings are available at www. indianholiday. com. To book a cruise on the Libra, go to www. indianholiday. com/star-cruise-packages/star-cruise-libra. Indian Holiday organizes cruises from their Mumbai office only. To plan your cruise with a Chennai operator, contact Travel Air Madras, featured below. If you want a wider choice of destinations, check out the cruises that operate from Mumbai. As Ms Gupta from Travel Air Madras tells us, Mumbai is the most flourishing point of departure for cruises to ever-popular destinations such as Mauritius and Lakshadweep. The four-night Cochin/Goa cruise is an excellent option, which takes you from historical forts to ravishing beaches in the space of three days! This cruise operates between December and February, so plan your trip accordingly. February is the best time, neither harshly cold nor uncomfortably warm, and there is very little chance of stormy weather. The Lakshadweep/Goa cruise for four nights has two shore stops, Kadmat and Goa. Kadmat is an island paradise, just eight kilometres long and half a kilometre wide! If you’re the adventurous type, you can indulge in water sports like scuba-diving, parasailing, snorkeling and kayaking at Kadmat’s gorgeous lagoons, or if you’d prefer, just lie back and drink in the vivid blue of the ocean from one of the memorable glass-bottomed tourist boats! (Swimming skills are mandatory for all water sports, and children under fourteen years cannot participate in diving. The water at Kadmat is crystal clear, and you can gaze at the vibrant marine life up to a depth of an amazing fifty metres. This cruise operates four times a month between October and April every year. Travel Air Madras is a tour operator which plans your cruise right from booking your air tickets to Mumbai and finding you a cruise holiday to suit your tastes and requirements. Rates begin at approximately Rs 500 0/- per night per person (excluding taxes). The one- and two-night cruises on the Libra feature Goa as the most popular destination, while three-night cruises take you to Kadmat in Lakshadweep and bring you back. Rates are inclusive of three meals a day, access to the onboard swimming pool, Jacuzzi and gym, and live entertainment shows in exquisite lounge areas on the ship, which has a professional live band if you want to add to the music of the waves! Air Travel Madras also offers special seasonal discounts; for example, the Valentine’s Day discount is for cruises booked up to March 1st, and gives you an attractive 50% off on your partner’s fare. To avail of this offer, you need to complete your cruise by April 14th. Call 2852-3095 or 2852-1623, or email Usha at u. [email  protected] com for more details. If you want a less touristy cruise, you could also consider a river cruise to the enigmatic Sundarbans. Two luxury river launches, the M. V. Chitrarekha and the M. V. Madhukar, make weekly two-day trips which take you into the heart of the mangrove forests to observe the enchanting wildlife and drift along the delta created by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. Both ships inclu de upper observation decks. The gourmet Bengali meals alone are worth the experience! Entertainment includes on-board dancing. The best time to take this river cruise is between September and March, when you also get the chance to see rare migratory birds. So leave your copy of Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide at home on your bookshelf, and witness the charms of the famed diving dolphins for yourself. You can even catch a glimpse of the Bengal tigers sunbathing on the banks! This cruise is operated by the government’s tourism department, and departs from Kolkata (just a couple of hours from Chennai by air). A two-day trip costs Rs 2500/- per passenger during the tourist season, and off-season rates are Rs 1175/- per passenger. You can book your ticket at the Bengal Tourism office located at 2, Brabourne Road, Kolkata. Call 033-2225-4565/8183/4723-25 or email [email  protected] net. Vivada Cruises has also introduced Sundarbans cruises from January 2007 with the luxury cruiser Paramahamsa, featuring three decks and over thirty elegant cabins, as well as restaurants, a gymnasium, and a library with internet connectivity. The package is priced at Rs 20,000 per passenger for the Luxury class, and Rs 15,000 per passenger for the Comfort class. For a fascinating voyage through a near-pristine land, book yourself on the Paramahamsa! With its contemporary interiors and tranquil ambience, the cruiser is also the perfect venue for business conferences and wedding receptions. Call 033-2463-1990/1/2/3 or email [email  protected] com or [email  protected] com. With Star Cruises, the world’s third largest cruise company, now operating in India, we now have local access to a special experience from our own ports which equal international standards of quality and luxury. A cruise is a wonderful experience at any time, but you may want to consider one to commemorate a special occasion such as your twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. For those who want to nudge their parents into rediscovering romance during a second honeymoon, a cruise holiday package is also a gift that your parents are sure to cherish forever! So if you’ve been thinking of stealing your spouse away from the routines of everyday life, or if you want to remember an unforgettable occasion in an exceptional way, consider treating yourself to this holiday experience like no other! Article 2: Fort St George (written for Ritz magazine) History in Our Own Backyard! Date: 20 February, 1640 A. D. Place: A small, nondescript fishing village on the Coromandel coast A small band of British soldiers land for the first time on the East Coast of India. Realizing quickly that they will need to work fast if they are to claim this territory before the French do, they set to work creating a garrison. They are hard-pressed for land, but a local farmer called Madrasan offers them the use of his banana grove. The Raja of Chandragiri, the last of the great rulers of the Vijayanagar empire, accedes to their request. Two months later, their military base is established and christened Fort St George. And thus, the city of Madras is born. They say that old buildings are silent, watchful observers of history. From the beginnings of the British Raj, this familiar fort has witnessed the evolution of one of India’s largest cities. Fort St George in Chennai has the somewhat dubious distinction of being the first fort that the British built in India. More importantly, however, the fort made the small settlement of Madraspatnam a flourishing port, and it’s not an exaggeration to say that had this fort not been built, Madras would not have developed into a city. Built a mere forty-four years after the East India trading company arrived in India in 1600 A. D. , Fort St George helped the British establish a stronghold on the east coast, and remains one of the most famous landmarks of the city. The fort was named after St George, the patron saint of England. The British used the fort as their main settlement in India until 1774, when they declared Calcutta as the seat of their administration. The fort not only helped the British establish a settlement in the small South Indian fishing village, but also to create a stronghold from which to defend themselves against the forces of the neighbouring kingdoms. Arcot and Srirangapatnam were not far away, and the French had taken Pondicherry. Had the British not built the fort, it may have proved difficult for them to establish their power in the south. Consequently, they invested much effort in fortifying the area. The fort is surrounded by walls that are over six metres high, as well as a formidable-looking moat. Although it’s tempting to think that vicious crocodiles once swam in the waters of the moat to terrorize the enemy, legend has it that the moat was created not so much to defend the fort as to keep inquisitive â€Å"natives† away from it. The British called the fort area their ‘White Town,’ as opposed to the ‘Black Town’ outside its walls, where the â€Å"coloured† people lived. Despite its name, the fort is not â€Å"really† a fort, but more a collection of buildings made by the British in the Neoclassical style, many of which were remodeled in subsequent times. Within a couple of decades after the fort was founded, St Mary’s Church also came to be erected within the fort area. The church, the oldest British one in India, is often described as the Westminster Abbey of the East. According to popular opinion, St Mary’s is also the oldest British church outside Europe. The church also found itself being used as a military dormitory for three brief years, when the French seized it from the British from 1746 to 1749. Don’t forget to take a peek into the visitor’s book when you visit—it still has comments dating back over a hundred years! Opposite the church are Clive House and Wellesley House, named after the respective governors who lived in them (Wellesley later went on to become the Duke of Wellington, and defeated Napoleon at Waterloo). Robert Clive was married in St Mary’s Church, as was Elihu Yale, the founder of Yale University. Yale, who was Governor of the city and is said to have made his fortune in India, had a 46-metre teak flagpole erected, from which it is believed that the Union Jack was unfurled for the first time in India. The pole was actually the mast of a ship that was wrecked in the seventeenth century. It still stands today, bearing, of course, a different flag! The original teak, however, was replaced with metal in 1994. This flagpole is the oldest in the country. Although the government has its Secretariat in the offices of Clive House, much of it is also a grand museum. The Fort Museum is open from 10 a. m. to 5 p. . on all days except Fridays, and includes ten galleries with relics from the British and French empires. The magnificent banqueting hall on the first floor has portraits of the earliest governors, and there are many remnants of the British era, including palanquins, coins, weapons, paintings and manuscripts. You can also see as large, imposing statue of Lord Cornwallis, as well as documents hand-written by Cornwallis and Clive. The statue depicts a sad scene: Tipu Sultan’s two young sons being handed over to the British because their father was unable to pay the large sum of money demanded by Cornwallis. Tipu Sultan’s cannons can be seen outside the museum. Both Aurangzeb and Hyder Ali also attacked the fort several times in the eighteenth century, but it was so well-fortified that they could not break its defences. The pentagon-shaped gun ramparts slope down to the moat, and were once connected to five drawbridges that led to the fort. These bridges have since been replaced by roads. From the first landing of the British to the tsunami, the fort has witnessed almost four centuries of Chennai’s history. Will it still be there in another four hundred years’ time, its walls as impassive and unchanged? One can only wonder! Article 3: Barry Burn Lodge, South Africa (written for a travel website) Barry Burn Lodge is situated in the gorgeous Lowveld area, a small, serene world of timeless beauty. Enjoy sunsets of unrivalled beauty. Fresh breezes greet each warm tropical day. In this tranquil spot, the altitude and the sun create the perfect tropical climate to vacation in! Some of Africa's most memorable sights will delight you here. The estate is a stone’s throw away from the must-see Kruger National Park. The accommodation includes a stylish open-plan dining room and kitchen, fully operational for your culinary needs, and with the added convenience of a fridge, stove, microwave and dishwasher. Barry Burn Lodge also offers laundry services with a washing machine and tumble dryer. Relax at the well-furnished lounge and bar, equipped with a fireplace which creates a wonderfully cozy ambience on chilly evenings. The lounge opens out on to a beautiful sundeck with braai facilities, which is a magnificent setting in which to absorb the serene beauty of your surroundings, or to unwind after a hard day’s vacationing! Upstairs, discover the joys of a loft room with TV and M-Net (DSTV dish is available, but you need to carry your own decoder. The loft leads on to a charming balcony from which to enjoy a sundowner, with a fantastic panoramic view of the expansive, lush green fairways of the Golf Estate. The accommodation at Barry Burn Lodge includes 4 bedrooms, all with bathrooms en-suite, containing 2 double bedrooms with Queen size beds, as well as 2 bedrooms with 2 single beds in each. Bed linen and bath towels are available for your necessities. Please carry your own swimming towels. There are several delightful activities to enjoy in and around Barry Burn Lodge. Enjoy the facilities of a championship golf course, with its picturesque fairways, water obstacles, and vibrant bird life. Other sporting activities offered include tennis and squash arranged by the club. Barry Burn Lodge also invites you to revel in splendid and awe-inspiring scenic drives to historic places. Just a few of these historic places which can inspire and delight you are the Mac-Mac Falls, Graskop, Sodwana Caves, Pilgrim's Rest, God's Window, and Blyde River Canyon. The estate also shares a border with the remarkable Lake Longmere, where you can unwind as you indulge in fishing, boating, or even mountain biking. Visit Greenway Woods Resort and Conference Centre, eat out at Oliver's Restaurant, or treat yourself to Casterbridge Farm, a homecraft, antique, museum and entertainment centre. Also very enjoyable is the Barnyard Theatre, 3 km towards White River town, where live shows are presented on most weekends – don’t miss it! The Riverside Mall/Casino, only a 20-minute drive from the Estate, is also worth a visit.

Cross cultural communication Essay

There are six principals in cross-cultural communication. The first principal states that the greater the cultural difference the greater the chance is for the communication ti break down. The second principal says that when communication breakdowns occur during cross-cultural encounters, the breakdowns are most often attributed to cultural differences. The third principal states that communicating across cultures often leads people to be more conscious about their own communication. The fourth one states that cultures vary with respect to the number and kind of â€Å"do’s and taboos† that are required of its members. The fifth one states that a person should remember that learning what is normal in the culture the are communicating with helps you understand that group. The last principal states that as long as you see others as friendly and cooperative barriers will easily be broken down (Cheesebro, O’Connor, & Rios, Chapter Chapter 3, Cultural Diversity, 2010). I chose to write about Hispanics. There healthcare experience is similar to African American, which is my race. First there is the language barrier. They speak another language and it can sometimes be hard to explain things when there is not a translator present. Things get lost in translation. Another issue is that they don’t have healthcare. They don’t have insurance so they don’t go to a doctor and in turn they have poor health (Bzostek, Goldman, & Pebley, 2007). When it comes to communications, there are many barriers. Providers communicate differently when it comes to Hispanics. Studies have shown that when providers deal with the Spanish speaking patients they ask less open ended question and probes for patient understanding because of the language barrier (Mayo, Windsor, Sundarwaran & Crew 2007). A seconds study states that when providers relied on interpreters for communicating with their patients, but lack of availability of the interpreters and patient waiting were reported as barriers in using interpreters effectively (Mayo, Windsor, Sundarwaran & Crew 2007). This barrier led providers to turn to English speaking family n members and bilingual staff who made the communication dull (Mayo, Windsor, Sundarwaran & Crew 2007). In my opinion these are just some of the barriers that stand in between Hispanics and non-Hispanic providers. To me language is the most common one. When people have this barriere they are less likely to want to communicate because they don’t thing the other party will understand the message they are trying to send. So if they do communicate there will be a lack of enthusiasm and the message will not come across correctly. References Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., & Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the Workplace. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection. Bzostek, S., Goldman, N., & Pebley, A. (2007, September). Why do Hispanics in the USA report poor health?. Social Science & Medicine, 65(5), 990 – 1003.

Declining Milk Sales Essay

According to a current study in Age and Aging, starting and continuing to drink milk at a young age can lead to improved physical ability and balance at an older age (â€Å"New study finds,† 2012). Because of milk’s inherent attributes of calcium, protein and vitamins A and B, milk has also been linked to bone strength, muscle strength and better eyesight, to name a few. So why have the US milk sales been slowly declining since the 1970s? A recent article on Forbes. com poses the same question. People are well aware of milk’s existence. The ‘Got Milk? ’ Advertising campaign was debuted in 1993 and won several awards for its ingenuity. It works wonders for getting people to think about milk, but that is only half the battle. The other half, and arguably more important, is getting them to drink it. Jonathan Baskin, the author of the Forbes. com article, believes this is what the dairy industry is failing to do by not compelling consumers to drink milk. â€Å"Memorable branding,† he states, â€Å"is not necessarily the same thing as compelling marketing†(Baskin, 2012). To illustrate this, Baskin offers a few ideas, including packaging innovation, partnering with companies and local sourcing. While I believe all three of his ideas are valid, local sourcing seems like it could be very beneficial, at least for the moment. Within the past few years, buying crops locally is becoming more relevant to many people. The thought of promoting local business growth and living a healthy lifestyle drives people to buy locally. So if a local distributor could deliver these local crops and bundle it with fresh local milk, consumers would be willing to pay for the convenience, healthy lifestyle and support of local businesses; at least that is the idea. Milk mustaches seem to be imprinted in our minds. We know milk is there, but we are not drinking it. In order to change this, the dairy industry needs to focus on giving consumers reasons to drink milk. Local sourcing and distribution of milk could be one solution to this. Proper research would need to be done to determine viability, and a new marketing strategy, possibly implementing the ‘Got Milk? ’ branding with a new local twist would need to be created; however, perhaps then we will finally be drinking more milk. Who knows, maybe cartwheels at 80 will be the new normal. References Baskin, J. (2012). Everyone ‘gets’ milk, so tell us why we should drink it. Forbes. com, Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/sites/jonathansalembaskin/2012/12/17/everyone-gets-milk-so-tell-us-why-we-should-drink-it/ New study finds milk-drinking kids reap physical benefits later in life. (2012, November 15). Retrieved from http://www. prnewswire. com/news-releases/new-study-finds-milk-drinking-kids-reap-physical-benefits-later-in-life-179464301. html.